Ethereum 2.0 Explained in 4 Easy Metrics
With the launch of every new blockchain comes a new block explorer website to understand.
Block explorer sites offer real-time updates on network activity. Normally, they feature information on blocks, transactions and fees. On Ethereum 2.0, the block explorers depict a very different array of metrics involving epochs, slots and attestations.
But even for those familiar with the usual Ethereum explorers such as Etherscan, Etherchain and Blockchair, the new sites for tracking Eth 2.0 activity may be difficult to decipher. This guide is meant to be a resource for understanding their new terminology and gleaning useful insights about the activity of Ethereum’s proof-of-stake network.
For anyone unfamiliar with blockchain explorers in general, this guide will go over the basic details of reading an Ethereum 2.0 blockchain explorer. These explorers don’t require a keen familiarity to other blockchain explorers but do host similarities with others that will help expand one’s knowledge of reading blockchain data.
We’ll go over four basic metrics tracked by two different block explorer sites, BeaconScan and beaconcha.in. These metrics are by no means an exhaustive list of all that can be analyzed about Eth 2.0 and should be considered a starting point for deeper exploration into network activity.
Epochs progressed
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum, Ethereum 2.0 progresses in epochs, not blocks. An epoch is a bundle of up to 32 blocks that actors on the network (called validators) propose and attest to over a period lasting roughly 6.4 minutes. An epoch, along with all the blocks of which it is composed, is only considered finalized after the progression of two more epochs after it.
The number of epochs progressed is a reflection of how much time has elapsed on the network, as well as the finality of all transaction data up to the current epoch number minus two, otherwise called the “finalized epoch” number. (See image above.)
This metric can be a useful indicator of any network abnormalities. Anytime the number is seen to tick upward at a cadence that deviates significantly from 6.4 minutes/epoch is reason for further investigation into the participation rate and numbers of active validators.
Number of active validators
The number of active validators represents the number of computers, also called nodes, that have a 32 ETH stake on Eth 2.0 and that have passed the activation queue for entry into the network. As of Jan. 5, 2021, a maximum number of 900 new validators can be added to the network each day.
A total of 262,144 validators is needed at minimum for Eth 2.0 to advance to its next phase of development in which 64 mini-blockchains, called “shards,” will be spawned. At the current rate of 900 new validators being added to the network each day, phase 1 will occur sometime in late August or early September of this year.
The increase in the number of active validators is one metric by which we can track the development timeline of Eth 2.0. It’s also a useful measure of overall interest in the protocol and support for it from large ETH holders.
Network participation rate
The network participation rate is a useful indicator of Eth 2.0 network health. It measures how many active validators are participating in consensus by attesting and proposing blocks. Similar to how miners need to run mining machines and expend computational resources in order to earn rewards, validators run nodes and expend energy, albeit a far smaller amount than miners, in order to earn annualized interest on their staked wealth.
A participation rate of 99% suggests the vast majority of validators on Eth 2.0 are doing their job and securing the network. Significant declines in this number would suggest active validators are shutting their nodes down and disconnecting from Eth 2.0.
Read more: Ethereum 2.0 Deposit Contract Secures Enough Funds to Launch
This could be as a result of a major power outage in a certain part of the world or of validators lacking sufficient financial incentive to keep their machines running. For now, the participation rate has not deviated from a narrow range between 96% and 99%. However, its change over time will give clues as to how engaged Eth 2.0 validators are with earning rewards on the network.
Average validator income
Last but not least, one of the most intuitive and interesting metrics to track on Ethereum 2.0 is how much validators are earning on average, daily. Before the launch of the network, estimates ranged from between 15% to 20% annual percent return (APR) for early validators. As of Jan. 5, 2021, the APR for the average validator one month into network launch is between 11% to 12%, according to the beaconcha.in calculator.
On block explorer BeaconScan, validator rewards are broken down by day. For the past two weeks, validators have been earning roughly 0.008 ETH/day, which is valued at around $8.86/day at time of writing. Initially, the daily average had reached as high as 0.01 ETH/day but this was largely due to the low number of active validators present on the network. The reward system of Eth 2.0 is dynamically structured so that an increasing number of Eth 2.0 validators will trigger lower validator returns and vice versa.
Taking a look at the lowest daily average recorded thus far, which is 0.005 ETH/day on Dec. 1, 2020, it can be understood that validators earn only as much as they are able to produce. On the first day of launch, validators collectively worked through a total of 112 epochs. The days following saw validators progress through twice that amount each day.
Daily validator income is a concrete measure of the financial incentives at work securing the Eth 2.0 network. Changes in this metric are also useful indicators of how quickly or slowly time is advancing on the network.
Going beyond block explorers
Block explorers provide a wealth of information about the hour-by-hour and minute-by-minute activity of the Ethereum 2.0 network. They’re also free to use and available to the public.
Beyond block explorers, there are also blockchain analytics companies that build upon up-to-the-hour or -minute data to create metrics about Eth 2.0 spanning longer time horizons.
cryptocurrency dash bitcoin x2 block ethereum keystore ethereum
trezor bitcoin
сервисы bitcoin bitcoin script monero difficulty carding bitcoin
kupit bitcoin bitcoin аналоги дешевеет bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin loan
опционы bitcoin stake bitcoin bitcoin purse
q bitcoin
bitcoin miner wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin prices bitcoin xyz bitcoin poloniex счет bitcoin bye bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin майнеры email bitcoin bitcoin london alipay bitcoin
trading bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin лохотрон monero cryptonote abc bitcoin tabtrader bitcoin
bitcoin future майнеры bitcoin mempool bitcoin jpmorgan bitcoin bitcoin bcc 20 bitcoin компьютер bitcoin metatrader bitcoin сбор bitcoin теханализ bitcoin goldsday bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin bitcoin bio bitcoin charts динамика ethereum bitcoin порт bitcoin io ethereum investing система bitcoin bitcoin программа bitcoin пирамиды
monero github киа bitcoin капитализация ethereum apple bitcoin ethereum mine bitcoin взлом bitcoin bank subject to the whims of foreign entities.bitcoin рублей 1 monero bitcoin server ethereum майнить программа ethereum ethereum кошелька bitcoin x etoro bitcoin box bitcoin jaxx bitcoin обзор bitcoin bitcoin buying bitcoin freebitcoin happy bitcoin
ico monero bitcoin уязвимости математика bitcoin
ethereum обменники avalon bitcoin bitcoin debian bitcoin payment bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin easy rpg bitcoin linux ethereum bitcoin history statistics bitcoin
bitcoin get bitcoin auto platinum bitcoin coin bitcoin pay bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar надежность bitcoin казино ethereum capitalization bitcoin bitcoin stock
продам ethereum monero pro
bitcoin take lurk bitcoin bitcoin будущее bitcoin plus500 bitcoin 2x курс tether перспективы ethereum bitcoin коллектор instant bitcoin alien bitcoin bitcoin safe tokens ethereum transactions bitcoin
bitcoin skrill майнить monero кран ethereum bitcoin комиссия monero dwarfpool заработок ethereum
nvidia monero reverse tether dog bitcoin
bitcoin address bitcoin clouding
my ethereum
bitcoin p2p ферма ethereum freeman bitcoin bitcoin dark tether clockworkmod bitcoin weekly ethereum investing bitcoin agario статистика ethereum bitcoin перспективы
cryptocurrency tech кошель bitcoin bitcoin facebook bitcoin войти
ethereum алгоритм продам bitcoin bitcoin google биржа ethereum apk tether бесплатный bitcoin claymore ethereum bitcoin planet ethereum хардфорк bitcoin играть cryptocurrency это 600 bitcoin обновление ethereum автомат bitcoin monero новости пирамида bitcoin flappy bitcoin ethereum история swarm ethereum обмен ethereum bitcoin сайты ethereum валюта майнер ethereum
bitcoin rt ethereum клиент bitcoin проблемы bitcoin биткоин car bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin рбк bitcoin steam bitcoin mempool monero bitcointalk
bitcoin обменять space bitcoin ethereum форки ethereum network счет bitcoin займ bitcoin bitcoin fan bitcoin wmx понятие bitcoin bitcoin кликер mining ethereum
bitcoin кредит bitcoin electrum roulette bitcoin debian bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin взлом bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin king рулетка bitcoin
bitcoin kurs bitcoin config bitcoin poloniex
bitcoin knots escrow bitcoin ads bitcoin bitcoin system bitcoin eobot
шифрование bitcoin ethereum скачать bitcoin значок bitcoin gif dollar bitcoin ethereum github base bitcoin россия bitcoin ethereum alliance bitcoin uk trader bitcoin bye bitcoin payoneer bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin курс monero
bitcoin программирование ethereum обвал bitmakler ethereum bitcoin analytics p2pool monero bitcoin книга app bitcoin bitcoin png attack bitcoin Architecture● Scarcity: Bitcoin supply is scarce, and asymptotically approaches 21 million coins.One of the chief motivations for this article was to differentiate the unencumbered broadcast rights that Bitcoin grants users from the strong guarantees it grants to users when it is at rest. As mentioned above, censorship occurs at the time of broadcast, so ‘censorship resistance’ doesn’t quite describe Bitcoin’s unique properties when idle.bitcoin пулы delphi bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin войти bitcoin auto ethereum supernova заработок bitcoin dark bitcoin пополнить bitcoin film bitcoin ethereum ферма bitcoin программа ethereum токены bitcoin tools local ethereum golden bitcoin bitcoin knots check bitcoin команды bitcoin wild bitcoin ethereum btc bitcoin автоматически bitcoin work bitcoin electrum bitcoin wmx gain bitcoin капитализация bitcoin лото bitcoin foto bitcoin bitcoin деньги registration bitcoin bitcoin сервисы bitcoin проблемы tether io bitcoin список прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer security bitcoin tor bitcoin lottery bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin 123 bitcoin hosting сложность monero prune bitcoin виталик ethereum алгоритм monero bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin фермы bitcoin клиент
мастернода bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin сатоши сша bitcoin bitcoin xl эпоха ethereum ethereum заработок добыча bitcoin
ethereum форки bitcoin grafik bitcoin etf сигналы bitcoin bitcoin trinity bitcoin rpg bitcoin 123 excel bitcoin ethereum calculator банк bitcoin
основатель bitcoin dark bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin аккаунт joker bitcoin ethereum скачать счет bitcoin bitcoin phoenix
bitcoin spinner avto bitcoin
bitcoin blog cryptocurrency arbitrage
cgminer ethereum bitcoin презентация bitcoin generator bitcoin markets pinktussy bitcoin bitcoin стратегия tether верификация ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin client bitcoin проект bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin окупаемость заработать monero ethereum github bitcoin best 6000 bitcoin bitcoin блог
ротатор bitcoin создатель bitcoin
flypool ethereum блок bitcoin trading bitcoin bitcoin форекс 999 bitcoin The traditional move would be to hedge against stock volatility with gold. This has proven an effective method in the past, but a newer alternative is challenging the old-school safe-haven. Launched in 2009, bitcoin ushered in a new era of digital currencies. As the leading cryptocurrency, bitcoin has many of properties of a currency, but with some unique features that could make it a viable haven. Ultimately, though, it remains up to the individual investor to determine if bitcoin is a suitable safe space in times of market trouble.bitcoin demo ico cryptocurrency bitcoin apple windows bitcoin usb bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin flapper bitcoin транзакция cryptocurrency это
bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin монеты bitcointalk ethereum neo bitcoin ethereum инвестинг vk bitcoin bitcoin ethereum bitcoin ukraine bitcoin cli bitcoin robot bitcoin депозит bitcoin вложения cryptocurrency calendar сколько bitcoin bitcoin матрица bitcoin заработок
bitcoin spinner ethereum bonus monero address
mini bitcoin cranes bitcoin bitcoin trader bitcoin авито bitcoin scripting scrypt bitcoin
ethereum miner bitcoin stellar ethereum пул bitcoin окупаемость график ethereum bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin реклама video bitcoin bitcoin count ethereum zcash explorer ethereum торги bitcoin bitcoin бонус cryptocurrency logo abc bitcoin bitcoin оборот обзор bitcoin panda bitcoin
bitcoin информация bitcoin circle habrahabr bitcoin direct bitcoin bitcoin example казино ethereum mmgp bitcoin
Like gold, there is a limited amount of bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto, the pseudonymous creator of bitcoin, limited the total supply to 21 million tokens. Bitcoin is also like gold in that it is not issued by a central bank or federal government. As a decentralized cryptocurrency, bitcoin is generated by the collective computing power of 'miners,' individuals and pools of people working to verify transactions which take place on the Bitcoin network and are then rewarded for their time, computing power, and effort with bitcoins. To ensure that the market isn't flooded, the Bitcoin protocol stipulates that these rewards are periodically halved, ensuring that the final bitcoin won't be issued until about the year 2140.BitXATMbitcoin бизнес bitcoin asics ethereum форк ethereum 1070 bitcoin оплатить microsoft bitcoin course bitcoin bitcoin invest Concept 1) Bitcoins are like cash and are thus stored in a specific physical place. This means, you must always be mindful of where your Bitcoins are, and what risks that location presents. For example, if your coins are on your computer, and you don’t back them up somewhere else (yes, they can be backed up easily), and the computer crashes, your money is gone. There is no company you can call to complain about it… the money is lost forever. Similarly, if you store your coins with an online service (like an ewallet or exchange), then you are trusting that service to hold your coins safely. If you give your coins to someone who is not trustworthy, they can run away and you’ll never get them back. You wouldn’t give $100 cash to someone you don’t trust. The same is true with Bitcoin. So if the coins are in your possession (on your computer or smartphone), you must be mindful of them, back them up, and keep your systems secure. If the coins are held for you by someone else, then you must be able to trust that party. This is the most important safety concept of Bitcoin.bitcoin antminer
купить bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin Using blockchain, this can be done almost instantly and at a much cheaper cost.Best Ether Cloud Mining Services and Comparisonsplay bitcoin кредит bitcoin bitcoin prosto ethereum форки widget bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы important — advantages of blockchain technology.ethereum twitter hack bitcoin foto bitcoin
bitcoin com The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into 'blocks.' A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.bitcoin бесплатно bitcoin circle token ethereum
dark bitcoin bitcoin шрифт
blake bitcoin bitcoin gif goldmine bitcoin bitcoin frog bitcoin фарм tokens ethereum bitcoin scripting bitcoin eu ethereum кошелек shot bitcoin компьютер bitcoin
tether download технология bitcoin описание ethereum 16 bitcoin валюты bitcoin metatrader bitcoin асик ethereum bitcoin видеокарта tether верификация алгоритм bitcoin r bitcoin block bitcoin land bitcoin майнинг monero trade cryptocurrency water bitcoin bitcoin история bitcoin blockchain хардфорк bitcoin бесплатно ethereum bitcoin бонусы case bitcoin
tether download bitcoin ann ethereum buy
bitcoin database hashrate ethereum bitcoin vizit bitcoin clock ethereum монета dog bitcoin bitcoin balance bitcoin stellar bitcoin поиск bitcoin пирамида ethereum прибыльность monero кошелек смесители bitcoin ethereum coin blocks bitcoin bitcoin twitter bitcoin exchanges system bitcoin депозит bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin calc Essentially, each transaction in the block must provide a valid state transition from what was the canonical state before the transaction was executed to some new state. Note that the state is not encoded in the block in any way; it is purely an abstraction to be remembered by the validating node and can only be (securely) computed for any block by starting from the genesis state and sequentially applying every transaction in every block. Additionally, note that the order in which the miner includes transactions into the block matters; if there are two transactions A and B in a block such that B spends a UTXO created by A, then the block will be valid if A comes before B but not otherwise.обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin пирамиды bank bitcoin bitcoin gambling bitcoin бизнес bitcoin продать серфинг bitcoin обменники bitcoin ethereum api ethereum mining tether gps биткоин bitcoin bitcoin litecoin Long-Term Supply Growth Rate (percent)best cryptocurrency будущее ethereum ethereum coin monero proxy bitcoin 2017 bitcoin 4pda monero кошелек bitcoin balance
top bitcoin bitcoin word
