Where Bitcoins generate from?
While coins are minted, paper money are printed, digital money are mined.
The rules of how Bitcoin mining works are defined by the Bitcoin protocol and implemented in its software. Bitcoin cryptocurrency uses POW (proof-of-work) algorithm to create supply of bitcoins and verify transactions. Also it is claimed to be the one of possible defenses against DoS attack. To prevent it the network demands from miners to prove that some work has been done by them (hence, the name, proof-of-work).
The network gives to miners a mathematical puzzle that is difficult to solve but easy to verify computationally. The miner uses computational power to solve the stated math problem in order to produce the valid block. After the challenge is completed, miner submits his work to other nodes’ for validation. In return the miner who found a block first gets a block reward and transaction fees included to this block.
Note: The difficulty of such mathematical puzzle increases with the growing number of miners. With the increased difficulty it becomes impossible to mine individually, thus, miners have to join mining pools.
About the puzzle that miners need to solve
The Bitcoin cryptocurrency has a cryptographic proof-of-work hash function - SHA 256d. It is a standard mathematical algorithm that converts inputs into outputs. Usually, it is really computationally-easy to get the output by putting the input into the function. E.g. from 1+2+3+4 we get 10. But if we set the challenge vice versa knowing only the output we will have a number of different variants of inputs: 9+1, 8+2, 7+3, 6+4, 5+5, etc. The challenge in a mathematical puzzle is that miner needs to find such input that will satisfy the specific output.
Note: The specific output is a digital value of a block header’s hash - an identifier of a block that has to start with a certain number of zeros.
For solving the puzzle, a miner searches a block nonce. The one who finds it first is a winner. The efficiency of miner depends on its speed in searching the right nonce.
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Walmart was facing an issue where people were returning goods citing quality issues. Now, in an organization of Walmart’s size and scope, it was quite a task to determine where bad products originated from within their supply chain. Their supply chain involved the following steps: Overall, the purpose of the PoW is to prove, in a cryptographically secure way, that a particular amount of computation has been expended to generate some output (i.e. the nonce). This is because there is no better way to find a nonce that is below the required threshold other than to enumerate all the possibilities. The outputs of repeatedly applying the hash function have a uniform distribution, and so we can be assured that, on average, the time needed to find such a nonce depends on the difficulty threshold. The higher the difficulty, the longer it takes to solve for the nonce. In this way, the PoW algorithm gives meaning to the concept of difficulty, which is used to enforce blockchain security.
