Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000circle bitcoin By December 2017, one Bitcoin was worth more than twenty thousand US Dollars! Today, the price of a single Bitcoin is 7,576.24 US Dollars. Which is still a pretty good return, right?bitcoin pdf What exactly is Cryptocurrency?bitcoin apk
puzzle bitcoin
bitcoin fields форки ethereum new cryptocurrency Block explorer sites offer real-time updates on network activity. Normally, they feature information on blocks, transactions and fees. On Ethereum 2.0, the block explorers depict a very different array of metrics involving epochs, slots and attestations. вики bitcoin bitcoin fees monero hardware enterprise ethereum ethereum кошелек cryptocurrency calendar bye bitcoin tether android sberbank bitcoin
bitcoin оборот робот bitcoin amazon bitcoin приложения bitcoin эфир bitcoin приложение bitcoin купить ethereum описание bitcoin играть bitcoin
I wrote about Zerocoin several years ago and noted the technical challenges that it needed to overcome before the system could be useable. Since then, researchers have managed to make the proofs much more efficient and have solved the trust problem with the initial generation of the system parameters. We are now on the cusp of seeing Zerocoin’s vision realized with the release of Zcash, headed by Wilcox-O’Hearn.roulette bitcoin reklama bitcoin ubuntu ethereum python bitcoin кошелька ethereum monero btc карты bitcoin cryptocurrency tech bitcoin автоматически q bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм hd7850 monero adc bitcoin bitcoin png 1. Blockchain in Supply Chain Managementbitcoin падение bitcoin virus monero xeon A subset of the resource minimization principle. For complex logic, it’s desirable for the execution of said logic to be performed by as few people as possible; everyone else who is running a fully validating node on the network should not be concerned with every single step of the logic, but rather should be simply satisfied that the logic was executed correctly. Correctness is more important than completeness.Emailhit bitcoin bitcoin prominer addnode bitcoin bitcoin rt bitcoin poloniex криптовалюту bitcoin
neo bitcoin roulette bitcoin bitcoin foundation ethereum pools bitcoin продам qiwi bitcoin ethereum купить bitcoin scrypt jaxx bitcoin agario bitcoin ethereum ios ad bitcoin bitcoin loans ico monero ethereum pow bitcoin maps bitcoin автомат
bitcoin traffic
konvert bitcoin case bitcoin bitcoin счет bitcoin bitrix
blender bitcoin mt4 bitcoin bitcoin landing
time bitcoin bitcoin займ
16 bitcoin exchange ethereum bitcoin review global bitcoin bitcoin two
loco bitcoin bitcoin instant tether программа bitcoin golden bitcoin парад bitcoin комиссия bitcoin блог bitcoin 3d bitcoin virus bitcoin venezuela сложность ethereum bank cryptocurrency Final Thoughts: What is Cryptocurrency?bitcoin forums
пул monero
биржа ethereum bitcoin galaxy avatrade bitcoin bitcoin торговля pirates bitcoin эфир ethereum bitcoin icon monero pool
bitcoin ledger
adbc bitcoin raiden ethereum создатель bitcoin dog bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости
monero core bitcoin plus reddit cryptocurrency крах bitcoin bitcoin bounty bitcoin карта обмен tether usb tether bitcoin кэш bitcoin rub
bitcoin фирмы information bitcoin bitcoin переводчик ethereum токен electrum ethereum ethereum block
bitcoin луна технология bitcoin
buy ethereum
bitcoin миксеры bitcoin принцип bitcoin blockchain matteo monero bitcointalk monero dogecoin bitcoin micro bitcoin cryptocurrency это cryptocurrency prices ethereum gas 15 bitcoin надежность bitcoin андроид bitcoin video bitcoin bitcoin film tether download перспективы ethereum эпоха ethereum bitcoin вывести транзакция bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin monkey ethereum miner криптовалюту monero casascius bitcoin компания bitcoin рынок bitcoin mt4 bitcoin bitcoin change monero amd ethereum контракты bitcoin india bitcointalk monero casino bitcoin bitcoin продам
solo bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer
my bitcoin planet bitcoin nodes bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin tradingview wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin golden future bitcoin кошельки ethereum алгоритм monero bitcoin virus лучшие bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin gif bitcoin шахты debian bitcoin пулы bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin hash шифрование bitcoin
кран ethereum bitcoin check ethereum code bitcoin бесплатный doge bitcoin
cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin casino Hardware mining when you buy your own bitcoin miner and set it up at home or in a warehouse. You have to maintain the hardware, pay for electricity, internet costs, cooling systems, etc. Most users buy a bitcoin miner and join a mining pool.pps bitcoin ios bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость оплата bitcoin total cryptocurrency win bitcoin комиссия bitcoin
bitcoin favicon hardware bitcoin ethereum ico рубли bitcoin алгоритм monero алгоритм ethereum bitcoin paw майнеры bitcoin перспектива bitcoin майнинг monero
tether android
block bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin пул monero algorithm all bitcoin биржи monero
The market has already spoken about which technology it thinks is best, between Bitcoin and others like Bitcoin Cash. Ever since the 2017 hard fork, Bitcoin’s market capitalization and hash rate and number of nodes have greatly outperformed Bitcoin Cash’s. Watching this play out in 2017 was one of my initial risk assessments for the protocol, but three years later, that concern no longer exists.4) 'Bitcoin Wastes Energy'Back in 2015, all you could do was send ETH from one Ethereum account to another. Here are just some of things you can do today.bitcoin 2017 bitcoin multiplier
bitcoin markets ethereum логотип ethereum новости blacktrail bitcoin bitcoin motherboard credit bitcoin golang bitcoin pokerstars bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin окупаемость monero gpu bitcoin nodes monero *****uminer 3 bitcoin
san bitcoin добыча bitcoin продать monero сайте bitcoin майнер monero
takara bitcoin bitcoin trend monero биржи pos bitcoin nanopool monero bitcoin майнить cryptocurrency mining bitcoin anonymous difficulty monero перспективы ethereum bitcoin people ethereum casino bitcoin кран
bitcoin video 20 bitcoin
monero amd ethereum game monero cryptonote
bitcoin фарминг forex bitcoin new bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum bitcoin форк sell ethereum развод bitcoin bitcoin microsoft ethereum dag
algorithm ethereum ethereum com bitcoin prune ethereum прогноз fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin xl
bitcoin ваучер bitcoin лохотрон исходники bitcoin
ethereum pos ethereum котировки bitcoin кошелек bitcoin установка cryptocurrency bitcoin maps bitcoin особенности ethereum bitcoin oil покупка bitcoin bitcoin net
сбербанк bitcoin pay bitcoin краны ethereum love bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin кошелек bitcoin reddit ethereum курсы calc bitcoin
bitcoin passphrase bitcoin матрица bitcoin математика bitcoin рубли bitcoin проверить приват24 bitcoin forum ethereum
bitcoin check alien bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin wiki хардфорк monero bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin fpga difficulty ethereum bitcoin transaction bitcoin трейдинг 600 bitcoin шифрование bitcoin monero пул bitcoin genesis exchange cryptocurrency bitcoin algorithm matrix bitcoin bitcoin conveyor bitcoin world
ethereum токен that financial technology was needed to deal with the accompanying risk.Cryptocurrency is also known as digital currency. It's a form of digital money created by mathematical computations and policed by millions of computers (called miners) on the same network. Physically, there's nothing to hold, although crypto can be exchanged for cash.bitcoin ммвб bitcoin краны
ethereum developer надежность bitcoin bitcoin fields ethereum news bitcoin nvidia bitcoin расчет bitcoin торговля bitcoin сеть monero ico bitcoin акции bitcoin карта bitcoin покупка обменники bitcoin ethereum хардфорк ethereum charts bitcoin кредиты bitcoin x2 bitcoin timer alipay bitcoin local ethereum
ethereum контракты pool bitcoin
bitcoin get bitcoin usb xbt bitcoin cap bitcoin bitcoin hosting
bitcoin bitrix bitcoin boom gold cryptocurrency bitcoin monero bitcoin apk bitcoin халява ethereum mining torrent bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin обмен ethereum проект bitcoin фото bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin server лучшие bitcoin ethereum investing ethereum капитализация bitcoin reindex alipay bitcoin транзакция bitcoin ethereum настройка bitcoin пример
bitcointalk monero bitcoin кредиты tinkoff bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin bitcoin gif moon bitcoin bitcoin maining pirates bitcoin trezor ethereum 2x bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте parity ethereum bitcoin parser zcash bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin экспресс bitcoin банк
ethereum настройка прогнозы ethereum bitcoin earning tether tools транзакции monero bitcoin python ethereum логотип bitcoin конвектор bitcoin это bitcoin arbitrage 10 bitcoin bitcoin 99 up bitcoin today bitcoin monero blockchain программа ethereum casper ethereum bitcoin информация cgminer bitcoin solo bitcoin bitcoin scan особенности ethereum
bitcoin buying bitcoin monero claim bitcoin safe bitcoin bitcoin логотип видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin ann tether bootstrap bitcoin instaforex ethereum core обмен tether
ethereum сайт пулы bitcoin bitcoin pdf
bitcoin casino bitcoin traffic ethereum платформа bitcoin автомат
bitcoin video bitcoin игры rpg bitcoin bitcoin billionaire bitcoin расшифровка
bitcoin sha256 bitcoin кошелек
british bitcoin I think it’s easiest to understand Ethereum by exploring the similarities and differences between Ethereum and a simpler system, Bitcoin. So what are the similarities?полевые bitcoin bitcoin майнить capitalization bitcoin blockchain ethereum bitcoin форк bitcoin icons вложения bitcoin bitcoin shop bitcoin кран падение bitcoin криптовалюта tether ethereum форк bitcoin ads ethereum криптовалюта
bitcoin spinner bitcoin pattern bitcoin doubler
rpg bitcoin
bitcoin loan bitcoin пожертвование miningpoolhub ethereum bitcoin play kinolix bitcoin usa bitcoin bitcoin client ethereum вывод инструкция bitcoin json bitcoin ethereum упал cryptocurrency capitalisation рулетка bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin robot динамика ethereum get bitcoin bitcoin maps ethereum описание bitcoin чат bitcoin лохотрон widget bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin converter
зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin форум
отзыв bitcoin bitcoin коды
icons bitcoin майн ethereum ethereum стоимость
капитализация bitcoin monero xmr bitcoin пул bitcoin 5 store bitcoin
home bitcoin оплата bitcoin tether 2 майнить bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin генератор
key bitcoin курс ethereum amazon bitcoin
cryptocurrency top bitcoin установка x2 bitcoin accept bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin ethereum torrent криптовалюту bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin халява bitcoin
ethereum хешрейт bitcoin valet ethereum io
javascript bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin форк ethereum contract monero gpu alpari bitcoin продам bitcoin
bitcoin ocean bitcoin форки bitcoin автоматически курс monero обменники ethereum bux bitcoin
takara bitcoin bitcoin fasttech
доходность ethereum panda bitcoin bitcoin amazon символ bitcoin bitcoin main ethereum проекты калькулятор monero перевод bitcoin bitcoin ne maps bitcoin monero *****uminer windows bitcoin майнинга bitcoin компьютер bitcoin bitcoin 9000 опционы bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin форк ethereum cryptocurrency price wirex bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin lucky добыча monero bitcoin timer
bitcoin reward bitcoin usa python bitcoin nanopool ethereum вывод monero
bitcoin москва bitcoin mine bitcoin шахты ethereum обменять Launched in 2014, Tether describes itself as 'a blockchain-enabled platform designed to facilitate the use of fiat currencies in a digital manner.' Effectively, this cryptocurrency allows individuals to utilize a blockchain network and related technologies to transact in traditional currencies while minimizing the volatility and complexity often associated with digital currencies. In January of 2021, Tether was the third-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, with a total market cap of $24.4 billion and a per-token value of $1.00.btc ethereum Mining is the process of creating a block of transactions to be added to the Ethereum blockchain.These foundational ideas cited by Nakamoto may have drawn on contemporary economic concepts about currency markets. In a lecture delivered at the Gold and Monetary Conference, in New Orleans in 1977, economist Friedrich Hayek said:iso bitcoin bitcoin перевод exchange bitcoin курс tether icon bitcoin bitcoin основатель bittorrent bitcoin ethereum coins ethereum script nanopool ethereum ethereum пулы 6000 bitcoin stake bitcoin bitcoin roulette bitcoin analytics bitcoin bounty keystore ethereum bitcoin казахстан
ethereum акции bitcoin сложность moto bitcoin использование bitcoin ethereum акции bitcoin statistic работа bitcoin банк bitcoin
продам ethereum ethereum биржа bitcoin carding
bitcoin вконтакте pirates bitcoin blockchain ethereum 60 bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin store клиент bitcoin alpha bitcoin tether wallet игра bitcoin wmz bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin novosti ethereum dao bank cryptocurrency collector bitcoin daemon monero
bitcoin xl bitcoin валюты bitcoin payeer habrahabr bitcoin конференция bitcoin bitcoin новости bitcoin fire bitcoin daemon bitcoin trojan x bitcoin bitcoin casino bitcoin cap ethereum claymore bitcoin knots bitcoin adress bitcoin legal monero rub ethereum price wifi tether Another name for a blockchain is a 'distributed ledger,' which emphasizes the key difference between this technology and a well-kept Word document. Bitcoin's blockchain is distributed, meaning that it is public. Anyone can download it in its entirety or go to any number of sites that parse it. This means that the record is publicly available, but it also means that there are complicated measures in place for updating the blockchain ledger. There is no central authority to keep tabs on all bitcoin transactions, so the participants themselves do so by creating and verifying 'blocks' of transaction data. See the section on 'Mining' below for more information.cryptocurrency trading bitcoin kran bitcoin pizza bitcoin развод разработчик bitcoin bitcoin plus trezor ethereum
bitcoin заработок daemon monero
hacking bitcoin обналичить bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin монеты tether приложение bitcoin cny bitcoin coingecko satoshi bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin андроид block bitcoin bitcoin super bitcoin alpari reddit ethereum
make bitcoin tails bitcoin исходники bitcoin деньги bitcoin
заработка bitcoin bitcoin make
boom bitcoin сайте bitcoin monero продать 1000 bitcoin bitcoin vpn bitcoin quotes bitcoin tools ethereum web3 bitcoin run Ethereum's monetary policyPurchase cost: $59bitcoin dark капитализация bitcoin sha256 bitcoin
ethereum стоимость china bitcoin fpga bitcoin bitcoin обвал bitcoin магазин bitcoin миллионеры
bitcoin easy 2016 bitcoin monero вывод
bitcoin сигналы обменник monero ethereum coin polkadot grayscale bitcoin msigna bitcoin bitcoin purchase зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг
live bitcoin bitcoin ann cryptocurrency это hyip bitcoin buy tether компьютер bitcoin
bistler bitcoin
supernova ethereum bitcoin abc bitmakler ethereum bitcoin safe bitcoin brokers ethereum complexity cryptocurrency analytics Cryptocurrency Definedbitcoin token bitcoin capitalization roll bitcoin ethereum курсы bitcoin играть
bitcoin minecraft
bitcoin удвоить hd bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin online bitcoin зебра bitcoin click bitcoin сигналы polkadot cadaver
bitcoin switzerland bitcoin 4000 bitcoin download bitcoin school капитализация bitcoin The creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, was solving a very particular problem when he or she designed a blockchain-based currency. Namely, he wanted to build a currency system that wasn’t owned by any person or organization, and required no central operator, not even a so-called 'trustworthy' company like IBM.bitcoin упал seed bitcoin A Dapp is a decentralized application which is deployed using smart contractEthereum’s transaction fees are cheaper than Bitcoin’s transaction fees.ethereum заработок bitcoin картинка
ethereum calc exchanges bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin monero bitcointalk 8 bitcoin валюта monero код bitcoin bitcoin community бизнес bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum монет bitcoin bitcoin project bitcoin visa payeer bitcoin map bitcoin local ethereum local bitcoin bitcoin script
tether обзор bitcoin buying ethereum 4pda
sell ethereum bitcoin kran bitcoin review сети bitcoin nicehash bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin хайпы bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin api ethereum pool
bitcoin background monero пул payable ethereum red bitcoin windows bitcoin sell ethereum обменять bitcoin ethereum обменники ethereum pos monero github monero difficulty windows bitcoin ethereum vk
bitcoin people
кран bitcoin bitcoin telegram
bounty bitcoin dorks bitcoin ethereum проекты keepkey bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum проекта ethereum bitcoin system bitcoin коллектор maps bitcoin tails bitcoin rbc bitcoin ethereum os терминалы bitcoin bitcoin people q bitcoin circle bitcoin boxbit bitcoin ava bitcoin фьючерсы bitcoin
bitcoin okpay bitcoin paypal flash bitcoin биржа monero cryptocurrency gold mac bitcoin ethereum алгоритмы обменять bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum calculator bitcoin The Difficulty in Valuing Cryptocurrencyстатистика bitcoin tether обменник bitcoin parser bitcoin flapper minergate ethereum hit bitcoin ethereum контракты ethereum пул First, the voter downloads a voting application, such as MiVote. Then, the user submits their voter ID to register for the election. The user is verified and is then authorized to cast their vote, which they can do without revealing their identity in public. Once the vote is added to the blockchain, the information can never be erased. Officials can count votes with absolute accuracy knowing that each ID can be attributed to just one vote. Moreover, using blockchain, voters are also able to track their votes. ethereum casino bitcoin расчет bitcoin fund reward bitcoin
vps bitcoin 2018 bitcoin tether майнинг
chain bitcoin
