Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
кошельки ethereum
пул bitcoin create bitcoin
direct bitcoin bitcoin 2017 But is it all a bubble, like the Dotcom era or tulip mania? Or is this just the start of something bigger, or even revolutionary?аналитика bitcoin bitcoin keys bitcoin keywords zebra bitcoin debian bitcoin bitcoin x2 x2 bitcoin bitcoin vip платформа bitcoin bitcoin loan programming bitcoin заработка bitcoin epay bitcoin bitcoin казино 💸ethereum github 4 bitcoin freeman bitcoin bitcoin стратегия xpub bitcoin app bitcoin покупка ethereum
999 bitcoin ethereum покупка ethereum сложность программа bitcoin генераторы bitcoin tether js ethereum 1070 bitcoin s wechat bitcoin
p2pool monero bitcoin онлайн seed bitcoin bitcoin 0 bitcoin passphrase trade cryptocurrency bitcoin development bitcoin center ethereum course bitcoin информация takara bitcoin machines bitcoin bitcoin регистрации bitcoin видеокарты индекс bitcoin alipay bitcoin 1 ethereum bitcoin flapper bitcoin apple форк ethereum bitcoin nachrichten ethereum calc казино ethereum bitcoin даром wmz bitcoin usd bitcoin
pow bitcoin bitcoin xapo bitcoin ethereum froggy bitcoin security bitcoin ethereum nicehash explorer ethereum bitcoin 2017 bitcoin символ вывод monero bitcoin asic обналичить bitcoin btc bitcoin bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin лохотрон 4000 bitcoin bitcoin сегодня conference bitcoin bitcoin bounty exchange monero best bitcoin bitcoin loan monero настройка apple bitcoin
cfd bitcoin bitcoin prominer оборот bitcoin
q bitcoin bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin putin difficulty monero перспективы ethereum bitcoin вложить ethereum асик apple bitcoin In Ethereum, the miner of a block receives:бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin комбайн bitcoin click
bitcoin котировки windows bitcoin bitcoin bcn bitcoin знак ropsten ethereum alipay bitcoin bitcoin block faucet bitcoin bitcoin mail ethereum microsoft Example of a naïve CoinJoin transaction.ethereum пулы pizza bitcoin что bitcoin pps bitcoin bitcoin кредит обмен tether bitcoin пополнение bitcoin tor ethereum shares
wordpress bitcoin проверка bitcoin андроид bitcoin captcha bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin миксер bitcoin simple
bitcoin rbc bitcoin video bitcoin poloniex bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin script bitcoin автокран майнер monero ethereum покупка ru bitcoin ann bitcoin лотерея bitcoin We can help you choose.chain bitcoin обмен tether monero client bitcoin scripting my ethereum topfan bitcoin konverter bitcoin monero краны
форекс bitcoin generator bitcoin bitcoin blocks bitcoin рухнул
monero краны login bitcoin bitcoin rpc майнить ethereum cryptocurrency trading
bitcoin математика эфириум ethereum bitcoin algorithm vk bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование портал bitcoin bitcoin doubler кошель bitcoin carding bitcoin bitcoin аналоги bitcoin spin bitcoin eth dogecoin bitcoin bitcoin аналоги ethereum валюта neteller bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin kran magic bitcoin bitcoin оборот autobot bitcoin калькулятор ethereum lurkmore bitcoin
ethereum форк bitcoin passphrase mine ethereum
тинькофф bitcoin mail bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin boom chain bitcoin я bitcoin генераторы bitcoin майнер ethereum bitcoin обмен bitcoin poloniex приложение tether bitcoin miner tether перевод bitcoin count buy tether
bitcoin playstation ферма ethereum map bitcoin cryptocurrency gold bitcoin hacker check bitcoin antminer bitcoin ethereum доходность скрипты bitcoin 1 ethereum
ethereum обменять monero bitcointalk bitcoin debian ethereum обозначение transactions bitcoin takara bitcoin ethereum ico bitcoin миксеры transactions bitcoin new bitcoin bitcoin sha256 скрипты bitcoin eobot bitcoin bitcoin plus500 rinkeby ethereum hd7850 monero bitcoin compromised tether пополнение bitcoin card ethereum заработок Prosmonero hashrate bank cryptocurrency Coins are exchangeable for Bitcoin without a trusted central party in an 'atomic swap.' bitcoin sberbank bitcoin java bitcoin kz
ethereum обмен bitcoin stellar рубли bitcoin
форки bitcoin monero hardware tether отзывы смесители bitcoin обвал ethereum bitcoin instant bitcoin all рубли bitcoin kurs bitcoin bitcoin carding check bitcoin gold cryptocurrency forbot bitcoin So I think it is fair to say that Bitcoin is a monumental invention that has finally been captured by mankind.The number of Bitcoin transactions that take place in a day is about 219,000; for Ethereum, it’s about 659,000. As for the number of blocks that have been created, for Bitcoin, it’s about 537,000, and for Ethereum it’s about 6 million. This has a lot to do with the fact that it takes a lot less time for a block to be added to Ethereum than to Bitcoin.взлом bitcoin
up bitcoin
книга bitcoin ethereum wallet ethereum habrahabr bitcoin payoneer service bitcoin
accepts bitcoin asic bitcoin bitcoin blender birds bitcoin jax bitcoin tera bitcoin ethereum info
bitcoin loto bitcoin green bitcoin сайт accelerator bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin genesis bitcoin халява iota cryptocurrency pull bitcoin bitcoin japan обмена bitcoin bitcoin froggy
кошелька bitcoin bitcoin grafik bitcoin исходники tails bitcoin ethereum game ethereum miners ethereum rig bitcoin poloniex rbc bitcoin кошелька bitcoin
bitcoin abc
bitcoin russia bitcoin хардфорк wallet tether пример bitcoin bitcoin blocks bitcoin valet data bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin kong bitcoin alipay bitcoin калькулятор ethereum
доходность ethereum
monero биржи bitcoin gambling bitcoin книга ethereum parity bitcoin monkey casinos bitcoin ethereum статистика
salt bitcoin робот bitcoin adc bitcoin карты bitcoin mine ethereum *****p ethereum bitcoin go lavkalavka bitcoin
bitcoin cache solo bitcoin
bitcoin registration торги bitcoin эфир bitcoin bitcoin регистрация Then the EVM takes over. It can execute at least 140 different 'opcodes,' each of which can execute a specific task, such as adding numbers or storing data.платформ ethereum polkadot блог bitcoin payeer steam bitcoin зарабатываем bitcoin
deep bitcoin token ethereum tether 2 лото bitcoin android ethereum bitcoin antminer future bitcoin bitcoin 10 nova bitcoin tether io bitcoin сайты проблемы bitcoin
bitcoin split bitcoin betting monero js обмен tether ethereum рост blitz bitcoin mooning bitcoin bitcoin balance ethereum txid ethereum farm
clame bitcoin
2016 bitcoin настройка bitcoin fpga ethereum форум bitcoin покупка ethereum skrill bitcoin ethereum кран ethereum news
spend bitcoin ethereum аналитика ethereum кошельки casino bitcoin bitcoin прогноз получение bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin форк bitcoin
bitcoin click сатоши bitcoin bitcoin отзывы roll bitcoin альпари bitcoin
asic ethereum monero кошелек bitcoin scanner bitcoin weekly What’s more, it manages to achieve this incredible hash rate whilst remaining efficient when it comes to energy consumption. The unit consumes just 0.075J/GH. That’s around 1480W of power draw. This crushes Bitmain’s flagship model, the Antminer S9, which has a power consumption rating of 0.098J/GH. bitcoin sha256 boxbit bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin видеокарта market bitcoin monero сложность зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin python bitcoin инвестиции demo bitcoin bitcoin китай
ethereum ico monero wallet пулы monero bitcoin фото x2 bitcoin space bitcoin bitcoin рухнул
кошелек tether bitcoin kazanma ethereum gold Bitcoin transactions seek to operate more like cash: exchanged person-to-person without a financial intermediary.деньги bitcoin bitcoin email bitcoin electrum bitcoin alien monero майнер скачать tether ethereum картинки dollar bitcoin bitcoin plus падение ethereum login bitcoin
bitcoin казино bitcoin count bitcoin баланс bitcoin testnet токен bitcoin
euro bitcoin book bitcoin rx580 monero ethereum dark asics bitcoin bitcoin перевод рулетка bitcoin bitcoin review ethereum dag bitcoin games ethereum serpent bitcoin fields
bitcoin bitcointalk supernova ethereum in bitcoin
bitcoin wm to bitcoin bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin это tether верификация теханализ bitcoin car bitcoin tether пополнить bitcoin delphi youtube bitcoin bitcoin wsj bitcoin steam eth ethereum tether программа значок bitcoin bitcoin tradingview bitcoin магазин delphi bitcoin bitcoin register
ethereum stratum bitcoin это bitcoin pools dat bitcoin flappy bitcoin добыча bitcoin testnet bitcoin keystore ethereum bitcoin биржи обменники bitcoin keys bitcoin майнинг bitcoin
group bitcoin bitcoin капитализация ethereum форум create bitcoin bitcoin rt сборщик bitcoin bitcoin timer bitcoin пул чат bitcoin
алгоритм bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin ethereum buy ethereum shares
pro bitcoin ccminer monero е bitcoin ethereum forum bitcoin grafik майнер ethereum bitcoin info заработок ethereum bitcoin майнить ethereum покупка
bitcoin кошелька cryptonator ethereum hacking bitcoin
bitcoin anonymous майн bitcoin bitcoin капитализация
bitcoin fake bitcoin scripting ledger bitcoin The root hash of the treemercado bitcoin
биржа bitcoin tether отзывы bitcoin получить
bitcoin рухнул проверка bitcoin ethereum price bitcoin rotator bitcoin сша antminer bitcoin
bitcoin код top cryptocurrency xpub bitcoin пополнить bitcoin 777 bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin прогноз conference bitcoin bitcoin рбк
ethereum асик курс bitcoin coinder bitcoin bitcoin статья
Recent research on the lightning network shows signs of increased vulnerability due to the centralization of a number of nodes in the network that control a majority of funds. Developers are continuously exploring new possibilities to enhance the privacy and efficiency of the lightning, as well as ways to incorporate other technologies such as Schnorr into the network. There’s no doubt that it’ll be some time before such system-wide updates can successfully take place.One of the first questions that prospective cryptocurrency miners face is whether to mine solo or join a ‘pool’. There are a multitude of reasons both for and against mining pools. Here’s what you need to know.In April, exchanges BitInstant and Mt. Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity resulting in the bitcoin price dropping from $266 to $76 before returning to $160 within six hours. The bitcoin price rose to $259 on 10 April, but then crashed by 83% to $45 over the next three days.field bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin minergate
car bitcoin
kurs bitcoin bitcoin добыть майнинга bitcoin bitcoin мастернода bitcoin автосерфинг ethereum ротаторы bounty bitcoin bitcoin shops прогнозы ethereum Assurance 4: The system’s integrity should be verifiable.инструкция bitcoin ebay bitcoin
ethereum microsoft видео bitcoin ethereum токены bitcoin лого 4pda bitcoin bitcoin s автосборщик bitcoin сети bitcoin monero алгоритм
bitcoin сеть bitcoin бизнес bitcoin scanner 1991: cryptographic timestampseth ethereum bitcoin перевод bitcoin украина сокращение bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин
будущее bitcoin monero faucet 2 bitcoin
bitcoin blockstream ethereum логотип баланс bitcoin bitcoin обменник работа bitcoin bitcoin стратегия трейдинг bitcoin reddit bitcoin сети bitcoin torrent bitcoin hd7850 monero ethereum habrahabr by bitcoin bitcoin получить
script bitcoin кредит bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin путин компьютер bitcoin credit bitcoin бизнес bitcoin Another option is the LitecoinPool which is one of the oldest Litecoin mining pools, having been founded in 2011. LitecoinPool also has a useful chart which breaks down all of the LTC mining pools and what percentage of the hashrate they control.bitcoin world
ethereum рост The steps taken towards the Bitcoin legalization in each country are presented in the bullets.Ethereum and bitcoin cryptocurrencies.monero core bitcoin hesaplama Cryptocurrency mining is an interesting alternative to the traditional centralized systems that currently operate throughout the world. However, it’s very taxing in terms of computer and power resources and isn’t feasible for many users as a result.The first mention of a product called bitcoin was in August 2008 when two programmers using the names Satoshi Nakamoto and Martti Malmi registered a new domain, bitcoin.org. In October of the same year, Nakamoto released a document, called a white paper, entitled 'Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.' In the preceding months, Nakamoto and a group of volunteer researchers had proposed different versions of the concept in forums and email threads. It was in 2008 that it all came together.In contrast, academia has difficulty selling its inventions. For example, it's unfortunate that the original proof-of-work researchers get no credit for bitcoin, possibly because the work was not well known outside academic circles. Activities such as releasing code and working with practitioners are not adequately rewarded in academia. In fact, the original branch of the academic proof-of-work literature continues today without acknowledging the existence of bitcoin! Engaging with the real world not only helps get credit, but will also reduce reinvention and is a source of fresh ideas.roulette bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin redex bitcoin forex mini bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin development bitcoin сервисы bazar bitcoin bank cryptocurrency разработчик bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum
bitcoin обменник ethereum core mac bitcoin bitcoin trend bitcoin project bitcoin the ethereum nova bitcoin 100 bitcoin
seed bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency script bitcoin bitcoin ключи платформы ethereum pps bitcoin
raiden ethereum torrent bitcoin
cryptocurrency magazine поиск bitcoin logo ethereum bitcoin перевод check bitcoin bitcoin master monero logo
bitcoin отзывы bitcoin openssl bitcoin торговля super bitcoin bitcoin calculator
bitcoin сша
bitcoin steam bitcoin кошелька wordpress bitcoin ethereum swarm
stealer bitcoin film bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin monkey запросы bitcoin bitcoin видео trade cryptocurrency cryptocurrency charts In early 2020, I revisited Bitcoin and became bullish. I recommended it as a small position in my premium research service on April 12th, and bought some bitcoins for myself on April 20th. The price was around $6,900 for that stretch of time. Since that period in April, Bitcoin quickly shot up to the $9,000+ range with 30%+ returns, but its price is highly volatile, so those gains may or may not be durable.Critics of Bitcoin point to limited usage by ordinary consumers and merchants, but that same criticism was leveled against PCs and the Internet at the same stage. Every day, more and more consumers and merchants are buying, using and selling Bitcoin, all around the world. The overall numbers are still small, but they are growing quickly. And ease of use for all participants is rapidly increasing as Bitcoin tools and technologies are improved. Remember, it used to be technically challenging to even get on the Internet. Now it’s not.bitcoin switzerland ico monero life bitcoin bitcoin адреса bitcoin обналичить top bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin neteller bitcoin virus трейдинг bitcoin day bitcoin geth ethereum
китай bitcoin график monero bitcoin новости bitcoin fpga converter bitcoin addnode bitcoin What is Blockchain Technology?Our Wikipedia analogy in our guide 'What is Blockchain Technology?' hints at the power of these new kinds of relationships.bitcoin cards
bitcoin life bitcoin investment
bitcoin doge bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin robot bitcoin bounty bitcoin advcash reklama bitcoin blockchain monero bitcoin развитие ethereum pos monero blockchain bitcoin com фермы bitcoin 2011–2013: The era of deepbit, which at its peak, shares up to 45% of the network hashrateparity ethereum rx560 monero bitcoin терминал monero майнить bitcoin lucky кости bitcoin bitcoin xapo bitcoin рейтинг bag bitcoin
okpay bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin 4 se*****256k1 ethereum ethereum обозначение
ethereum casper график bitcoin ethereum contracts cryptocurrency convert bitcoin вклады bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin брокеры electrum bitcoin bcn bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование
okpay bitcoin bitcoin register se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin payza bitcoin net What is Litecoin: desktop wallet Exodus.login bitcoin эфириум ethereum
monero ann mine bitcoin торговать bitcoin mining bitcoin monero asic платформ ethereum майнеры monero монеты bitcoin inside bitcoin bitcoin китай wei ethereum p2pool monero bitcoin conf bitcoin заработок bitcoin цены сети ethereum bitcoin expanse 16 bitcoin balance bitcoin monero coin bitrix bitcoin bitcoin spend dwarfpool monero bitcoin billionaire bitcoin script Using cloud mining servicesNEO Price Prediction 2021: What to Expect?bitcoin japan bitcoin мастернода The legal concern of an unregulated global economyconnect bitcoin bitcoin 100 cryptocurrency это bitcoin реклама bitcoin nedir dapps ethereum bitcoin fan bitcoin get bitcoin pattern bitcoin торги книга bitcoin ethereum обменять bitcoin парад stealer bitcoin bitcoin ads ethereum coingecko maps bitcoin monero пул кредит bitcoin bitcoin значок bitcoin окупаемость хардфорк bitcoin bitcoin пузырь transactions bitcoin сервисы bitcoin The Disadvantages of Bitcoinbitcoin ротатор инструкция bitcoin gadget bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin вложить monero калькулятор ico cryptocurrency android tether создатель bitcoin
bitcoin instagram
bitcoin elena tether bootstrap bitcoin nodes
connect bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitcoin payza cryptocurrency это email bitcoin bitcoin up goldsday bitcoin ethereum browser iso bitcoin importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin часы kinolix bitcoin новости bitcoin компиляция bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin coin bitcoin zona zona bitcoin Who created Bitcoin?bitcoin конец bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin node ethereum майнеры bitcoin etf bitcoin play bitcoin софт bitcoin pps bitcoin banking
счет bitcoin бутерин ethereum инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin neteller bitcoin проблемы
bitcoin 3
