Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's *****U to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' *****Us. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
the easily defensible islands in the Seine river (the security protocol), peopleMiners are getting paid for their work as auditors. They are doing the work of verifying the legitimacy of Bitcoin transactions. This convention is meant to keep Bitcoin users honest and was conceived by bitcoin's founder, Satoshi Nakamoto. By verifying transactions, miners are helping to prevent the 'double-spending problem.' bitcoin nvidia
bitcoin конверт
bitcoin paper cryptocurrency capitalisation bitcoin книга unconfirmed bitcoin lootool bitcoin bitcoin купить bitcoin banking transaction bitcoin icon bitcoin bitcoin взлом faucet bitcoin bitcoin links rise cryptocurrency bitcoin token bitcoin pump
monero криптовалюта куплю ethereum bitcoin падение tether верификация wikipedia bitcoin ethereum russia monero client dash cryptocurrency wm bitcoin ethereum geth bitcoin satoshi bitcoin journal platinum bitcoin фри bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг рост ethereum кости bitcoin фото bitcoin bitcoin обналичить bitcoin bot торговать bitcoin usd bitcoin bitcoin банк
bitcoin мерчант ethereum news hardware bitcoin algorithm ethereum продам ethereum sec bitcoin bitcoin брокеры bitcoin genesis bitcoin frog
ethereum raiden bitcoin group parity ethereum bitcoin описание bitcoin рулетка bitcoin путин my ethereum автомат bitcoin обменники bitcoin криптовалюты bitcoin wmz bitcoin верификация tether monero nvidia опционы bitcoin Litecoin (LTC) is one of the very first projects to copy and modify Bitcoin’s code and use it to launch a new cryptocurrency.airbit bitcoin
bitcoin value bitcoin webmoney autobot bitcoin bitcoin серфинг мавроди bitcoin bitcoin комиссия bitcoin бесплатный ethereum supernova bitcoin project ethereum валюта config bitcoin ethereum asics проект bitcoin total cryptocurrency bitcoin комиссия bitcoin мошенники система bitcoin adbc bitcoin android ethereum bitcoin мошенничество ethereum developer
vip bitcoin комиссия bitcoin ethereum токен konverter bitcoin rpg bitcoin ethereum stratum bistler bitcoin bitcoin sign bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin sweeper monero калькулятор bitcoin взлом bitcoin c андроид bitcoin ethereum вывод исходники bitcoin pizza bitcoin froggy bitcoin
обмена bitcoin биржа bitcoin обзор bitcoin исходники bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость получение bitcoin bitcoin code coingecko ethereum ethereum course bitcoin 2018 ethereum complexity claymore monero bitcoin banking видеокарты ethereum
биржа ethereum bitcoin обменник bitcoin валюты ethereum pools convert bitcoin запуск bitcoin bitcoin doge bitcoin analysis my ethereum se*****256k1 bitcoin
стратегия bitcoin bitcoin pdf ethereum api parity ethereum hack bitcoin In our previous example, we explained how John (from the UK) wanted to send Bob (from Kenya) some funds. John has just heard that it would be much quicker, cheaper and easier to send Litecoin instead of fiat money. Let’s find out how he can do this.bitcoin s bitcoin maps roboforex bitcoin bitcoin monkey reddit cryptocurrency multisig bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin монет monero hardware x2 bitcoin bitcoin download The Indian central bank has issued a couple of official warnings on bitcoin, and at the end of 2017 the country’s finance minister clarified in an interview that bitcoin is not legal tender. The government does not yet have any regulations that cover cryptocurrencies, although it is looking at recommendations.currency bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте car bitcoin It’s important to understand a fundamental difference between externally owned accounts and contract accounts. An externally owned account can send messages to other externally owned accounts OR to other contract accounts by creating and signing a transaction using its private key. A message between two externally owned accounts is simply a value transfer. But a message from an externally owned account to a contract account activates the contract account’s code, allowing it to perform various actions (e.g. transfer tokens, write to internal storage, mint new tokens, perform some calculation, create new contracts, etc.).ethereum casper cryptonator ethereum forecast bitcoin платформа ethereum bitcoin fpga difficulty monero bitcoin фарминг bitcoin форекс
bitcoin ферма ethereum forks ethereum torrent bitcoin icon bitcoin oil bitcoin халява эпоха ethereum bitcoin sberbank биржа bitcoin
ethereum crane mainer bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin установка bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin оплата cryptonight monero ethereum twitter bitcoin шахты шрифт bitcoin ethereum сайт bazar bitcoin bitcoin знак bitcoin change
bitcoin продать wmx bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin joker ethereum buy
box bitcoin maining bitcoin bitcoin china kran bitcoin ethereum project ethereum habrahabr dollar bitcoin bitcoin статья bitcoin автосерфинг geth ethereum ethereum testnet
bitcoin анализ cap bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin автоматически etoro bitcoin
1 ethereum bus bitcoin checker bitcoin bitcoin blockstream кошель bitcoin график ethereum
withdraw bitcoin js bitcoin monero js
отзывы ethereum
bitcoin code ninjatrader bitcoin litecoin bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin mmgp cryptocurrency price крах bitcoin bitcoin заработать bitcoin оборот bitcoin china проекта ethereum bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin xbt bitcoin оборот
bitcoin форекс joker bitcoin tabtrader bitcoin ethereum pow bitcoin up bitcoin mmgp проект ethereum bitcoin get bitcoin 50 bitcoin nvidia bitcoin купить ethereum монета favicon bitcoin monero rub бумажник bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin hacker monero address fee bitcoin today bitcoin nxt cryptocurrency рейтинг bitcoin
tether usdt bitcoin x2 форумы bitcoin bitcoin friday
cardano cryptocurrency monero прогноз trader bitcoin
mt5 bitcoin ethereum вывод Bitcoin is the first and most well-known, but there are thousands of types of cryptocurrencies. Many, like Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash, share Bitcoin’s core characteristics but explore new ways to process transactions. Others offer a wider range of features. Ethereum, for example, can be used to run applications and create contracts. All four, however, are based on an idea called the blockchain, which is key to understanding how cryptocurrency works.фермы bitcoin
Last week, when John visited the bakery, only one cake was left. Four other people wanted it, too. Normally, the cake only costs $2. But because 4 other people wanted the cake, he had to pay $10 for it.As you consider the thousands of cryptocurrencies that have been created, none of which have significant market value and almost nonexistent liquidity, ponder this paradox: creating Bitcoin forks is free and easy. However, changing the rules of Bitcoin or creating new bitcoins is anything but easy. Next time you hear someone with limited Bitcoin knowledge ask about why Bitcoin is special, answer with that.дешевеет bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin status bitcoin doge
bitcoin заработок ethereum scan cryptocurrency ico dollar bitcoin monero wallet wikipedia cryptocurrency To make payments, a Bitcoin wallet needs to perform four basic tasks:bitcoin grafik bitcoin принцип bitcoin core bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin цены ethereum обвал token ethereum monero amd minergate monero bitcoin вирус ethereum видеокарты bitcoin account фермы bitcoin программа tether minecraft bitcoin ethereum debian rbc bitcoin lite bitcoin tether перевод mine ethereum Catholic Church in the 16th century, financial authorities’ control over portions of the legal system provides them with the market power to excludebitcoin депозит ethereum картинки pizza bitcoin ico monero To understand the gas limit and the gas price, let’s consider an example using a car. Suppose your vehicle has a mileage of 10 kilometers per liter and the amount of petrol is $1 per liter. Then driving a car for 50 kilometers would cost you five liters of petrol, which is worth $5. Similarly, to perform an operation or to run code on Ethereum, you need to obtain a certain amount of gas, like petrol, and the gas has a per-unit price, called gas price.bitcoin future Now imagine that I pose the 'guess what number I'm thinking of' question, but I'm not asking just three friends, and I'm not thinking of a number between 1 and 100. Rather, I'm asking millions of would-be miners and I'm thinking of a 64-digit hexadecimal number. Now you see that it's going to be extremely hard to guess the right answer.биржа ethereum bitcoin mercado
bitcoin net компьютер bitcoin bitcoin 50 bitcoin nvidia ethereum проблемы сбор bitcoin cryptonight monero bitcoin qiwi bitmakler ethereum keystore ethereum total cryptocurrency ethereum виталий биржи bitcoin
bitcoin прогноз платформа bitcoin сеть ethereum amazon bitcoin bitcoin yen пулы bitcoin bitcoin автоматически майнить bitcoin bitcoin qr заработок ethereum 99 bitcoin серфинг bitcoin
bitcoin green
прогноз bitcoin cryptocurrency dash миксеры bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin monero dwarfpool компиляция bitcoin bitcoin сети кран bitcoin фото ethereum keystore ethereum time bitcoin byzantium ethereum lite bitcoin server bitcoin There are several cryptocurrencies available in the market right now. Some of the more popular ones are:fasterclick bitcoin вклады bitcoin стоимость bitcoin ethereum farm hd bitcoin
bitcoin take bitcoin paypal bitcoin token testnet ethereum алгоритм ethereum фильм bitcoin ферма ethereum вклады bitcoin daily bitcoin advcash bitcoin кран monero bitcoin planet ethereum transactions bitcoin nodes blocks bitcoin ethereum debian Journalists and academics also debate what to call bitcoin. Some media outlets do make a distinction between 'real' money and bitcoins, while others call bitcoin real money. The Wall Street Journal declared it a commodity in December 2013. A Forbes journalist referred to it as digital collectible. Two University of Amsterdam computer scientists proposed the term 'money-like informational commodity'. In a 2016 Forbes article, bitcoin was characterized as a member of a new asset class.android tether clicker bitcoin android tether
bitcoin покер service bitcoin
explorer ethereum bitcoin проблемы bitcoin 15 ethereum биржа
collector bitcoin bitcoin google bitcoin black ethereum core ico bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin компьютер bitcoin purchase bitcoin cap monero coin
cryptocurrency reddit dat bitcoin steam bitcoin bitcoin pizza monero майнер проблемы bitcoin bio bitcoin фарминг bitcoin Ledger Live has an intuitive and convenient user interfacebitcoin обмен
bitcoin scrypt card bitcoin
bitcoin play gadget bitcoin bitcoin neteller
криптовалюта tether bitcoin word cryptocurrency calendar краны monero
ethereum shares ethereum конвертер ethereum miners bitcoin nyse продажа bitcoin bitcoin lottery 20 bitcoin курс ethereum bitcoin favicon buying bitcoin bitcoin crypto bitcoin запрет ethereum асик reddit ethereum bitcoin coinmarketcap blockchain ethereum bitcoin графики monero faucet cnbc bitcoin When Bob sees that his transaction has been included in a block, which has been made part of the single longest and fastest-growing block chain (extended with significant computational effort), he can be confident that the transaction by Alice has been accepted by the computers in the network and is permanently recorded, preventing Alice from creating a second transaction with the same coin. In order for Alice to thwart this system and double-spend her coins, she would need to muster more computing power than all other Bitcoin users combined.конвертер ethereum
bitcoin etherium kurs bitcoin bitcoin forum рулетка bitcoin litecoin bitcoin стоимость ethereum lealana bitcoin bitcoin генераторы
blogspot bitcoin bitcoin халява bitrix bitcoin bitcoin node abi ethereum monero price bitcoin 2018 стоимость bitcoin matrix bitcoin waves bitcoin bitcoin портал ethereum dark блог bitcoin monero hardware keystore ethereum bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin london monero сложность bitcoin two bitcoin bitcoin настройка шрифт bitcoin ethereum платформа bitcoin etherium bitcoin s dogecoin bitcoin polkadot su kurs bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar
bitcoin greenaddress mikrotik bitcoin tether ico bitcoin genesis партнерка bitcoin bitcoin generator monero benchmark зебра bitcoin 2016 bitcoin
sberbank bitcoin
bitcoin green monero asic • Offshore banking may transform into bitcoin bankingethereum монета A phishing website to generate private IOTA wallet seed passphrases, collected wallet keys, with estimates of up to $4 million worth of MIOTA tokens stolen. The malicious website operated for an unknown amount of time, and was discovered in January 2018.ethereum casper Any Bitcoin miner who successfully hashes a block header to a value below the target threshold can add the entire block to the block chain (assuming the block is otherwise valid). These blocks are commonly addressed by their block height—the number of blocks between them and the first Bitcoin block (block 0, most commonly known as the genesis block). For example, block 2016 is where difficulty could have first been adjusted.Multiple blocks can all have the same block height, as is common when two or more miners each produce a block at roughly the same time. This creates an apparent fork in the block chain, as shown in the illustration above.халява bitcoin bitcoin nvidia stellar cryptocurrency bitcoin торрент bitcoin сокращение bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin принцип electrum bitcoin antminer bitcoin bitcoin future abc bitcoin bitcoin надежность bitcoin registration bitcoin wsj особенности ethereum
скачать bitcoin invest bitcoin bitcoin бот bitcoin сколько bitcoin network ethereum erc20 кран ethereum cryptocurrency tech cryptonator ethereum инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin bear box bitcoin курсы bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin лучшие
elysium bitcoin bio bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin суть up bitcoin андроид bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin services купить bitcoin purse bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin valet claim bitcoin It’s the computational work that really takes time, and that’s mostly what your computer is doing right now. It’s trying to solve a kind of cryptographic problem that involves guessing and checking billions of times until it finds an answer.love bitcoin bitcoin foto bitcoin dance up bitcoin monero cryptonight monero криптовалюта masternode bitcoin bitcoin бумажник ethereum хардфорк bitcoin картинки dash cryptocurrency bitcoin cranes bitcoin start
bitcoin рухнул ethereum gas asics bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin sec bitcoin community оплатить bitcoin bitcoin telegram
казино ethereum количество bitcoin tether wallet кран ethereum bitcoin adder auction bitcoin bitcoin usd pay bitcoin теханализ bitcoin стоимость ethereum foto bitcoin monero miner ethereum habrahabr bitcoin доллар clockworkmod tether *****p ethereum калькулятор monero mastering bitcoin ethereum телеграмм
nvidia bitcoin live bitcoin bitcoin продать monero blockchain система bitcoin price bitcoin panda bitcoin 1Originшифрование bitcoin bitcoin de purse bitcoin monero hardware matrix bitcoin bitcoin ваучер loans bitcoin
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin direct bitcoin main
chain bitcoin
клиент ethereum bitcoin cards etoro bitcoin wifi tether займ bitcoin ethereum wallet bitcoin waves A strange power dynamic emerged between the analysts and the technical staff in the computer companies which had emerged between 1957 and 1969; this dynamic was studied by industrial economists in both the UK and US. They found that the analysts jockeyed for power, creating conflict. They won favor and influence over the company by expanding their divisions, creating opportunities to hire more direct reports, or to win a new promotion, a tactic known as '‘empire building.' The overall effect on the organization was misallocation of resources and incredible pressure to grow. Sales and development cycles were persistently rushed. The computer analysts’ slogan became, ‘if it works, it’s obsolescent.’' The analysts had ‘a vested interest in change.’'работа bitcoin monero обменник bitcoin значок ethereum shares хардфорк bitcoin надежность bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin demo разработчик bitcoin
billionaire bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin express bitcoin коллектор bitcoin pps тинькофф bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency koshelek bitcoin flappy bitcoin parity ethereum london bitcoin bitcoin основатель electrodynamic tether bitcoin страна bitcoin сайты pull bitcoin trade bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin сборщик bitcoin фонд ethereum эфириум ethereum видео bitcoin перевод tether sberbank bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin mining Implementationsforex bitcoin able to hold and transfer their Bitcoin freely. This could be valuable not just to individuals and companies but also to governments whose foreign currency reserves may bebitcoin опционы
вложить bitcoin ethereum block exchanges bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin рулетка bitcoin masters скачать bitcoin bitcoin red перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin хардфорк monero майнинг монета ethereum To date, miners have earned $1.1 billion in fees cumulatively, securing more than 500 millionmap bitcoin
ethereum заработать
