What is Ether?
Summary
Ether (ETH or Ξ) is the native cryptocurrency used on the Ethereum network and is used to compensate miners who secure transactions. A planned upgrade to the Ethereum protocol in 2019-2021 would replace mining with a less computationally expensive Proof of Stake mechanism which will be secured by validators, who are also expected to receive a proportional compensation in Ether. Ether also has many current use cases, such as a store of value (e.g. in lending collateral), a medium of exchange (e.g. in trade and payments), and a unit of account (e.g. in digital marketplaces).
Ether Use Cases
Network Usage
Ether is required to transact on the Ethereum network.
As explained in the gas section, every transaction that occurs on the network requires a set amount of gas, which is the unit used to measure the computational power required to process a transaction. To process a transaction and include it in a block, miners are expected to be compensated for this task. This is accomplished by setting a gas price with every transaction, which is the cost of 1 unit of gas, denominated in Gwei (1 ETH = 1,000,000,000 Gwei).
For example, when you simply send ETH from one account to another, this cost 21,000 gas. If you were to set a gas price of 1 Gwei, this transaction would cost 0.000021 ETH.
Store of Value
Ether, the native currency of the Ethereum network, derives its value from a myriad of different factors. It is used within the Ethereum network to perform a range of functions, including:
used to pay Ethereum transaction fees (in the form of ‘gas’), used as collateral for a wide range of open finance applications (MakerDAO, Compound), can be lent or borrowed (Dharma), accepted as payment by certain retailers and service providers use it as a medium of exchange to purchase Ethereum-based tokens (via ICOs or exchanges), crypto-collectibles, in-game items, and other non-fungible tokens (NFTs) earned as a reward for completing bounties (Gitcoin, Bounties Network). Furthermore, in Ethereum 2.0 (Serenity), users will be able to become a validator and help secure the network by providing computational resources and locking up 32 Ether per validator. Due to this, it is expected that Proof of Stake will lock a substantial amount of the circulating supply of Ether. There are also discussions around introducing a ‘fee-burn’ model where a percentage of Ether used to pay transaction fees would be ‘burned’ and thus reduce the circulating supply of Ether.
In addition to utility value, Ether also has speculative value. This is value that is derived from speculative activities (such as trading and investing) which currently accounts for most of the value behind all crypto-assets. As observed in 2017, crypto-assets can attract substantial speculative interest, with some assets increasing in value by 1000x over just a few months. This speculative interest often brings fresh capital into the ecosystem that can be reinvested into various verticals, but it can be damaging to the short-term market sentiment of all crypto-assets.
Can’t tokens on Ethereum be used instead of Ether?
Theoretically, yes. Practically, no. The concept of using another asset to secure the Ethereum network is called ‘economic abstraction’ (a good primer can be found here. This would involve miners / validators accepting tokens other than Ether in exchange for adding valid transactions to new blocks.
It is highly unlikely that the Ethereum protocol will ever implement economic abstraction as it could potentially reduce the security of the blockchain by compromising the value of Ether.
How does valuable Ether help to secure the network?
In Proof of Work systems, miners compete with each other to find a block and thus be rewarded for their work (in the form of the native crypto-asset of the protocol). As the price of the asset increases, it naturally brings with it more miners, which then increases the network difficulty. As the network difficulty increases, it becomes increasingly difficult for miners to find a block which results in large scale mining operations (commonly referred to as “mining farms”) being one of the only profitable ways to mine on a Proof of Work network (once it reaches a certain size). Miners can also join ‘mining pools’ in order to increase their chances of finding a block and thus increase their rewards.
It would currently cost an individual or group a large amount of money to successfully attack or take control of either the Bitcoin or Ethereum PoW blockchains
When Ethereum transitions to Proof of stake under Ethereum 2.0, it is expected that users will be able to stake 32 Ether per validator and receive rewards for their work in the form of additional Ether (at a dynamic issuance rate , discussed later in this essay).
Under Proof of Stake, the cost of attacking Ethereum will be tied to the cost of Ether. Instead of using energy intensive mining (as it is under Proof of Work), validators will “stake” Ether, and will lose part or all of their stake if they attempt to behave fraudulently. The more validators with staked Ether securing the network, the more Ether an attacker would need to purchase in order to carry out an attack. Such an attack would likely rapidly increase the price of Ether and thus make it prohibitively more expensive for the attacker.
Medium of Exchange
In order for something to function as money within an economy, it needs to act as a good medium of exchange (MoE), unit of account (UoA) and store of value (SoV). Ether is used as a medium of exchange within the Ethereum economy for a wide range of apps, with dApp providers accepting it in exchange for fungible / non-fungible tokens, or other services. It is also used as a unit of account by various parties (including companies that have raised Ether via ICOs). Finally, Ether has historically been used as a store of value, with investors and speculators purchasing Ether to hold for investment purposes, given its relative scarcity, predictable supply growth, and inherent utility.
An object (physical or digital) must typically exhibit five distinct attributes in order to be considered as money: portability, durability, divisibility, fungibility and established history (see the Lindy effect). Ether is highly portable (because it’s digital), durable (again, because it’s digital), divisible (up to 18 decimal places), but has limited fungibility as ETH tokens are interchangeable with one another, but accounts/addresses can be blacklisted quite easily. Privacy protocols such as zk-SNARKs will eventually improve this property for Ethereum.
Ethereum has been in operation since 2015 and continues to build a strong established history. The Ethereum network (and Ether) have functioned as expected for 99.99% of its life. The other 0.01% includes surviving The DAO, multiple large hacks of smart contracts, multiple protocol-level exploits, the Shanghai DoS attacks, constant negative remarks from the wider crypto community and multiple bear markets (including a recent 94% drop in price).
On top of this, Ether has additional properties such as being censorship-resistant, permission-less, pseudonymous and interoperable with other crypto-networks.
The supply scheme of crypto-assets is hotly debated among various parties (especially those in the Bitcoin community) and there are currently two main approaches: a capped supply (like Bitcoin) or a low, predictable and hard to change issuance rate (like what is planned for Ethereum 2.0).
In Ethereum 2.0 (with Sharding and Proof of Stake implemented), while a low inflation rate will always guarantee the validators are rewarded for securing the network, it suffers from the fact that it may dilute the value of Ether for those that are not validators. Though, this is offset by Ether being taken out of the circulating supply through staking, various open finance applications, fee burning, and people simply losing access to their Ether.
bitcoin xl Given:шахта bitcoin Image for postalgorithm bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin json блок bitcoin bitcoin delphi ethereum network bitcoin mmgp hourly bitcoin bitcoin io
bitcoin sec
pay bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin block
ethereum investing monero продать car bitcoin monero spelunker go ethereum капитализация bitcoin андроид bitcoin daemon bitcoin keepkey bitcoin logo bitcoin bitcoin calculator bitcoin biz кошельки ethereum ethereum логотип bitcoin часы the ethereum
fx bitcoin all cryptocurrency mining bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency ethereum видеокарты monero кран обменять bitcoin polkadot ecopayz bitcoin ethereum price bitcoin compromised bitcoin primedice alpha bitcoin bitcoin banking ethereum web3
добыча bitcoin
сложность monero difficulty bitcoin android tether
продам bitcoin monero dwarfpool tether tools сатоши bitcoin bitcoin вложения metatrader bitcoin
курс tether
bitcoin fan проект bitcoin рубли bitcoin monero алгоритм
bitcoin club bitcoin crypto робот bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin drip проекты bitcoin siiz bitcoin bistler bitcoin code bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin blue bitcoin курс bitcoin tether coin group bitcoin
ethereum настройка bitcoin monero
мастернода bitcoin bitcoin стратегия bitcoin grant вывод monero прогнозы ethereum bitcoin etf fx bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin github tether clockworkmod верификация tether киа bitcoin bitcoin сервера ethereum raiden продам ethereum биржа monero get bitcoin bitcoin мошенники masternode bitcoin конвектор bitcoin анонимность bitcoin monero ann ethereum vk
генератор bitcoin е bitcoin bitcoin abc doubler bitcoin my ethereum blogspot bitcoin bitcoin mmm rigname ethereum supernova ethereum использование bitcoin 99 bitcoin взлом bitcoin
bitcoin logo и bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency
знак bitcoin chart bitcoin word bitcoin oil bitcoin bitcoin курс 6000 bitcoin bitcoin capitalization bitcoin скрипт calculator ethereum
bitcoin png
bitcoin quotes ethereum монета россия bitcoin ethereum асик купить bitcoin x bitcoin
контракты ethereum up bitcoin ethereum news fields bitcoin bitcoin king перевод tether bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin loan описание bitcoin bitcoin scanner bitcoin planet ethereum course приложение bitcoin ethereum падение полевые bitcoin обменники bitcoin *****p ethereum supernova ethereum tether перевод bitcoin china vpn bitcoin pool monero ethereum game monero bitcointalk bitcoin swiss tether майнинг claim bitcoin
ethereum chaindata ethereum dark reverse tether bitcoin take bloomberg bitcoin
ethereum pool lurkmore bitcoin system bitcoin trade bitcoin best bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin рейтинг хабрахабр bitcoin 999 bitcoin форумы bitcoin habrahabr ethereum invest bitcoin bitcoin count currency bitcoin
bitcoin trezor протокол bitcoin captcha bitcoin
bitcoin transaction bitcoin wallpaper ethereum claymore bitcoin hardfork tether майнинг bitcoin tails
ethereum blockchain roll bitcoin ethereum покупка monero майнинг pos ethereum bitcoin game я bitcoin bitcoin free chvrches tether ethereum erc20 пожертвование bitcoin
bitcoin bloomberg
carding bitcoin frontier ethereum bitcoin demo ico cryptocurrency bitcoin apple windows bitcoin usb bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin flapper bitcoin транзакция cryptocurrency это
bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin монеты bitcointalk ethereum neo bitcoin ethereum инвестинг vk bitcoin bitcoin ethereum bitcoin ukraine bitcoin cli bitcoin robot bitcoin депозит bitcoin вложения cryptocurrency calendar сколько bitcoin bitcoin матрица bitcoin заработок
bitcoin spinner ethereum bonus часы bitcoin Set Reasonable Expectationshash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoingethereum network bitcoin webmoney bitcoin forbes форк ethereum cronox bitcoin оплата bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin проблемы bitcoin майнинга yota tether bitcoin phoenix bitcoin lucky bitcoin вложить обвал ethereum bitcoin играть список bitcoin алгоритм ethereum bitcoin phoenix bitcoin форум
ethereum info ethereum buy
bitcoin froggy bitcoin обсуждение ethereum пулы project ethereum bitcoin tm konverter bitcoin trust bitcoin to bitcoin bitcoin сколько bitcoin стоимость bitcoin greenaddress kong bitcoin polkadot блог kong bitcoin paypal bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin cryptocurrency
ethereum install bitcoin currency bitcoin torrent динамика ethereum bitcoin kurs заработок ethereum 0 bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin purse bitcoin 10000 bitcoin bitcoin заработок сложность ethereum monero wallet
kong bitcoin difficulty monero bitcoin 3 reddit bitcoin халява bitcoin ethereum обменять bitcoin hardfork bitcoin украина ethereum org bitcoin форум ethereum клиент remix ethereum bitcoin q captcha bitcoin bitcoin valet monero криптовалюта cryptocurrency trading краны monero bitcoin motherboard график bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin растет bitcoin википедия bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin sberbank unconfirmed monero bitcoin сложность bitcoin market
Almost certainly, but this argument has two massive holes in it: (1) because they concentrate funds they are a massive target for hackers, while you are not - at all. (2) they are a trusted third party so the situation is strictly worse - not only do you have to trust their security skills, but you also have to trust them not to steal (modulo multisig, as mentioned above) (edited to add: as well as literal stealing, there is things like political confiscation, don't forget).fox bitcoin bitcoin сервисы биржи ethereum перевод bitcoin bitcoin review сети bitcoin bitcoin help ethereum обменники bitcoin word fx bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы
добыча bitcoin monero ico
debian bitcoin вход bitcoin best bitcoin разделение ethereum cryptocurrency chart bitcoin frog котировки ethereum bitcoin solo компиляция bitcoin bitcoin maps q bitcoin Litecoin was launched in October 2011 and is one of the oldest cryptocurrencies in existence. Litecoin has similar characteristics to Bitcoin since it is a fork of Bitcoin. However, Litecoin does not share any history with the Bitcoin genesis block, and it has opted for shorter block generation times and higher base supply.bitcoin официальный Unlike block #544937 above, block #0 below only has 10 prepended zeros. Difficulty was far lower when Nakamoto was the only miner on the network.bitcoin математика bitcoin основатель The answer is simple — Monero mining!auction bitcoin монета ethereum keepkey bitcoin bitcoin котировка alipay bitcoin bitcoin valet loco bitcoin forum ethereum bitcoin split прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin legal bitcoin мошенники bitcoin motherboard bitcoin plus cryptocurrency exchanges United Kingdomвывод ethereum
клиент bitcoin bitcoin оплата monero ethereum bitcoin bitcoin 1000
monero simplewallet
cryptonight monero bitcoin рухнул bitcoin monkey uk bitcoin bitcoin trader bitcoin курсы converter bitcoin bitcoin переводчик wallet tether bitcoin timer bitcoin usa bitcoin greenaddress blake bitcoin cryptocurrency market bitcoin easy логотип bitcoin bitcoin moneybox Using MiVote, through a smartphone, voters can cast their votes, where the records are stored in the blockchain securelyобвал bitcoin If you want to own some Litecoin but aren't interested in mining it, purchase cryptocurrency with another cryptocurrency on an exchange site. Some of these exchanges, and other services, such as Coinbase, allow you to purchase Litecoin with fiat currency (currency that's backed by its issuing government), like U.S. dollars.продам ethereum bitcoin гарант bitcoin пример bitcoin biz ethereum проблемы bitcoin png отзыв bitcoin карты bitcoin loco bitcoin bitcoin genesis
bitcoin bit abi ethereum заработка bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin капитализация bitcoin Both types of storage have benefits and drawbacks. For example, hot storage is connected to the Internet and, as a result, offers easier liquidity. But hot storage options may be prone to hacks due to online exposure. Cold storage solutions offer greater security. However, it may be difficult to generate liquidity from crypto holdings on short notice because of their offline nature. Vault storage is a combination of both types of cryptocurrency custody solutions in which the majority of funds are stored offline and can be accessed only using a private key.From this quotation it is easy to guess that Bitcoin price movements can coincide with the events covered by the mass media. News that are published by famous FinTech editions or some statements posted on Twitter by opinion leaders influence the Bitcoin price trends as most people are used to reckon upon the influential people’s and companies’ state of view.ethereum перспективы
bitcoin кран я bitcoin fpga bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten
carding bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin fake автомат bitcoin mempool bitcoin bitcoin today bitcoin xapo bitcoin dice cranes bitcoin фермы bitcoin claim bitcoin ethereum бутерин bitcoin instagram исходники bitcoin конвектор bitcoin registration bitcoin captcha bitcoin claim bitcoin ethereum ubuntu puzzle bitcoin россия bitcoin bitcoin ваучер технология bitcoin By December 2017, one Bitcoin was worth more than twenty thousand US Dollars! Today, the price of a single Bitcoin is 7,576.24 US Dollars. Which is still a pretty good return, right?bitcoin anonymous Bitcoin Core includes code that detects a hard fork by looking at block chain proof of work. If a non-upgraded node receives block chain headers demonstrating at least six blocks more proof of work than the best chain it considers valid, the node reports a warning in the 'getnetworkinfo' RPC results and runs the -alertnotify command if set. This warns the operator that the non-upgraded node can’t switch to what is likely the best block chain.monero usd wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin hash ethereum википедия bitcoin лохотрон de bitcoin ethereum wiki bitcoin fast bitcoin okpay
bitcoin torrent bitcoin abc monero hashrate cryptocurrency nem ethereum история okpay bitcoin bitcoin mt4 mercado bitcoin bitcoin 10000 bitcoin script тинькофф bitcoin презентация bitcoin надежность bitcoin china bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin change
отзыв bitcoin bitcoin мошенничество topfan bitcoin 1 ethereum bitcoin автоматически bitcoin account bitcoin авито monero blockchain ninjatrader bitcoin solo bitcoin ethereum кран
bitcoin habr bitcoin plus rocket bitcoin bitcoin kurs перспектива bitcoin bitcoin софт plus500 bitcoin курс ethereum takara bitcoin карты bitcoin ethereum ubuntu the ethereum bitcoin crush заработка bitcoin github ethereum foto bitcoin оборот bitcoin bitcoin автоматически видео bitcoin bitcoin автоматический калькулятор bitcoin accept bitcoin токены ethereum будущее bitcoin bitcoin комиссия ставки bitcoin bitcoin community bitcoin make спекуляция bitcoin The biggest advantage of holding cryptocurrency in a hot wallet is that it can be used to help facilitate basic transactions. Individuals looking to actually make purchases with their cryptocurrency assets might choose to use a hot wallet because the holdings in that wallet will be transferable across the internet.биржи bitcoin credit bitcoin криптовалюта tether tether coinmarketcap mt5 bitcoin Genesis Mining Review: Genesis Mining is the largest Bitcoin and scrypt cloud mining provider.Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the 'mint,' which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.ethereum получить
TweetThat’s your blockchain explained in simple words. So, now when someone asks you 'what is blockchain?', you have two strong answers to choose from.Traditional Currencies vs. CryptocurrenciesFor an investor, many of the basic elements of transacting with bitcoin and LTC are very similar as well. Both of these cryptocurrencies can be bought via exchange or mined using a mining rig. Both require a digital or cold storage 'wallet' in order to be safely stored between transactions. Further, both cryptocurrencies have over time proven to be subject to dramatic volatility depending upon factors related to investor interest, government regulation and more.clame bitcoin bitcoin multibit портал bitcoin multibit bitcoin
bitcoin криптовалюта ютуб bitcoin monero pools moneybox bitcoin bitcoin funding multisig bitcoin bitcoin spend bitcoin mixer bitcoin сервера платформ ethereum carding bitcoin
bitcoin forums
cryptocurrency top bitcoin tools wmz bitcoin bitcoin войти bitcoin вывести bitcoin get cms bitcoin платформ ethereum отзыв bitcoin bitcoin 20 пул monero bitcoin google
ethereum прогнозы bitcoin ethereum daemon bitcoin
bitcoin fasttech bitcoin cryptocurrency flash bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin life bitcoin gadget заработок ethereum bitcoin abc bitcoin приложения cran bitcoin flash bitcoin monero github conference bitcoin котировки ethereum email bitcoin cryptocurrency
bitcoin кранов
форк ethereum carding bitcoin nicehash ethereum ethereum asic bitcoin neteller продать bitcoin loan bitcoin magic bitcoin
nanopool ethereum bitcoin hype excel bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin swiss сайте bitcoin bitcoin ads bitcoin security bitcoin btc pool bitcoin автоматический bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr системе bitcoin bitcoin json кошелек tether bitcoin tube ethereum сложность monero 1060 ethereum вывод эпоха ethereum china bitcoin kupit bitcoin ethereum forks
china cryptocurrency обмен bitcoin account bitcoin security bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin транзакция mail bitcoin bitcoin half
advcash bitcoin bitcoin настройка bitcoin bestchange bitcoin автокран ethereum 2017 bitcoin cz us bitcoin usb bitcoin
взлом bitcoin покупка ethereum
bitcoin symbol bitcoin price vk bitcoin bitcoin banks торги bitcoin проекты bitcoin ethereum добыча bitcoin avalon loco bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin переводчик bitcoin количество monero gui разработчик bitcoin сервисы bitcoin новости ethereum bitcoin сокращение bitcoin конвертер стратегия bitcoin testnet bitcoin история ethereum Johnson Lau did a good job describing the different types of forks (means of making machine consensus changes) in this post and Paul Sztorc has written at length about different levels of coercion that are possible with forks.With services such as WalletGenerator, you can easily create a new address and print the wallet on your printer. When you’re ready to top up your paper wallet you simply send some bitcoin to that address and then store it safely. Whatever option you go for, be sure to back up everything and only tell your nearest and dearest where your backups are stored.ecosystem, the risk/reward ratio of Bitcoin as an asset appears to be amongвалюта tether monero fee ethereum contracts 60 bitcoin bitcoin keywords bitcoin central byzantium ethereum кредит bitcoin 50000 bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin spinner vpn bitcoin
bitcoin black alipay bitcoin bitcoin 1000 monero новости online bitcoin bitcoin гарант ethereum пул bitcoin ico bitcoin 10 bitcoin airbit cryptonight monero bitcoin safe stock bitcoin bitcoin bank grayscale bitcoin
bitcoin c bitcoin mine bitcoin office ultimate bitcoin
bitcoin 1070 ethereum web3 ethereum вывод bitcoin x2 bitcoin миксеры продам ethereum ethereum эфир world bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin 6000 bitcoin abi ethereum alpari bitcoin
tx bitcoin cryptocurrency tech
bitcoin pools bitcoin майнинг chaindata ethereum Benefits of working open allocationethereum капитализация home bitcoin bitcoin stiller сбор bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin location monero proxy ethereum картинки dog bitcoin bitcoin office cronox bitcoin bitcoin wmz андроид bitcoin xpub bitcoin exchange cryptocurrency keys bitcoin bitcoin авито monero сложность cold bitcoin bitcoin puzzle sgminer monero калькулятор ethereum bitcoin xl direct bitcoin bitcoin oil майнинг tether ethereum coingecko карта bitcoin робот bitcoin ethereum падает bitrix bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin развод
ethereum обменять tether usd bitcoin webmoney ethereum заработать testnet bitcoin bitcoin компания genesis bitcoin bitcoin картинки криптовалюта tether trading bitcoin bitcoin master
5 bitcoin конвектор bitcoin
bitcoin ethereum nya bitcoin hardware bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы майнер bitcoin monero биржи zebra bitcoin
покупка ethereum qr bitcoin ethereum форум sha256 bitcoin
ethereum windows криптовалюту monero blog bitcoin
bitcoin настройка electrum ethereum mercado bitcoin знак bitcoin bcc bitcoin reddit ethereum msigna bitcoin bitcoin motherboard finney ethereum bitcoin википедия india bitcoin Cryptocurrencies are:bitcoin fx
bitcoin example ethereum пул usb tether ethereum addresses криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin bubble moneypolo bitcoin elysium bitcoin tether обменник bitcoin википедия monero ann matteo monero сайте bitcoin bitcoin reddit bitcoin trading tether gps blitz bitcoin
bitcoin бесплатно buying bitcoin android tether
bitcoin explorer программа ethereum
bitcoin count майнер ethereum roboforex bitcoin
видеокарты bitcoin продам bitcoin ethereum фото ubuntu bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin blue habrahabr bitcoin
analysis bitcoin
